Last updated April 17, 2025

Pierce Atwood LLP offers this summary of Maine Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) standards as a convenience in evaluating PFAS and tracking Maine Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) regulatory and Maine legislative developments. We update this Maine PFAS Tracker when there are important new actions (if you found this on the Pierce Atwood LLP website, then you are seeing the most recent version). Levels are provided below in parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), or parts per trillion (ppt), depending on the matrix typically involved. If you prefer to view this tracker as a PDF, please click here.

Levels are provided below in parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), or parts per trillion (ppt), depending on the matrix typically involved. 

WHAT'S NEW IN THIS EDITION?

The state of Maine is currently undertaking several legislative and executive initiatives to monitor and manage PFAS:

Maine DEP:

1. PFAS in Food Packaging: On April 18, 2024, the Board of Environmental Protection approved final adoption of Chapter 80 Section 5 to prohibit PFAS use in certain types of food packaging sold in Maine. The statute provides that this prohibition goes into effect two years following the date of the Department’s final determination. The Secretary of State has assigned an effective date of May 25, 2024, for this rulemaking. Therefore, the effective date of this prohibition is May 25, 2026.

2. PFAS in Products: On April 16, 2024, Governor Mills signed into law significant amendments to 38 M.R.S.A. § 1614 (PFAS in Products Law) including an amendment that drops the reporting requirement except for products with PFAS that the DEP deems to be a “currently unavoidable use” (CUU) and excludes certain products with intentionally added PFAS from being phased out. The Legislature also added language to phase-out products with intentionally added PFAS.  On December 19, 2024, the Board of Environmental Protection (BEP) approved the PFAS in products draft rule for public comment and, after making certain minor revisions, adopted the proposed rule on April 7. Moving forward, the DEP will begin accepting proposals from both individual companies and industrial sectors seeking CUU exemptions from those product categories prohibited for same. The DEP’s estimated timeframe for the sales prohibitions that take effect in 2026 is as follows:

  • Spring 2025 – Soliciting CUU proposals for implementation of 2026 sales prohibitions
    Summer/Fall 2025 - CUU rulemaking process
    Fall/Winter 2025 – Manufacturers register CUU products for the 2026 sales prohibitions

3. Monitoring: The DEP has been monitoring PFAS contamination in sludge, septage, leachate, and remediation sites across the state. They have launched an interactive PFAS Investigation Map and published a report on Wastewater Effluent Monitoring, finding the concentration of PFAS in wastewater treatment facilities across the state.

2025 Legislative Session:

So far 12 PFAS related bills have been introduced this session: ,

  • No. 130 An Act to Establish the PFAS Response Program and to Modify the Fund To Address PFAS Contamination
  • No. 222 An Act to Establish a Take-back and Disposal Program for Firefighting and Fire-suppressing Foam to Which Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Have Been Added
  • No 235 Resolve, Regarding the Operation and Future Capacity of State-owned Landfills
  • No. 451 An Act to Require Testing of Solar and Wind Energy Developments for Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Contamination
  • No. 582 An Act to Require Health Insurance Carriers to Provide Coverage for Blood Testing for Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl SubstancesNo. 827 An Act to Allow the Sale of Polymer-coated Cookware That Is Authorized for Food Contact by the United States Food and Drug Administration
  • No. 987 An Act Clarifying Exemptions from the Notification Requirements for Products Containing PFAS
  • No. 1111 An Act to Provide Water Service Infrastructure to Fairfield Residents Affected by Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
  • No. 1201 An Act to Protect Maine Agriculture and Farms by Exempting Certain Pesticides from Regulation
  • No. 1326 An Act to Protect the Drinking Water for Consumers of Certain Water Systems by Establishing Maximum Contaminant Levels for Certain Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
  • No. 1458 An Act Regarding Compensation Fees and Related Conservation Efforts for Solar and Wind Energy Development and High-impact Electric Transmission Lines Under the Site Location of Development Laws
  • No. 1557 An Act to Ensure Uniformity in the Regulation of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Pesticides

EPA:

1. PFAS Reporting: At the federal level, on October 10, 2023, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published in the Federal Register its final rule establishing reporting and recordkeeping requirements for PFAS under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), triggering an effective date of November 13, 2023. Under this rule, entities that manufacture (including import) or have manufactured PFAS in any year since January 1, 2011, have 18 months following the effective date of the rule (24 months for small article importers) to submit information to EPA regarding PFAS uses, production volumes, byproducts, disposal, exposures, and existing information on environmental or health effects. This is a one-time reporting requirement that covers 12 calendar years. Records that document any information reported to EPA must be maintained for five years.

2. CERCLA Designation:  Effective July 8, 2024 EPA designated PFOA and PFOS as Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) hazardous substances. The rulemaking will have substantial impacts to the state because Maine considers any substances deemed hazardous under CERCLA as a Maine hazardous substance regulated under the Maine Uncontrolled Hazardous Substance Sites Law.

3. Drinking Water Standards: On April 10, 2024, EPA finalized nationally enforceable drinking water standards for six PFAS – PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, PFBS and HFPO-DA (GenX Chemicals). Under the rulemaking, EPA set a 4.0 ppt limit on PFOA and PFOS and a 10.0 ppt limit on PFNA, PFHxS and GenX Chemicals in drinking water. EPA also set a 1.0 Hazard Index limit for any mixture of 2 or more of the following PFAS: PFNA, PFHxS, PFBS, and HFPO-DA.

The following tracker provides up-to-date information on standards, regulatory actions, and legislation.

Maine

I.  Maine PFAS Screening Levels

(see June 2021 summary)

1. Maine Drinking Water Maximum Contaminant Levels

PFOA, PFOS, PFHpA, PFHxS, PFNA, and PFDA Alone or Combined 20 ppt

This interim standard was established on June 21, 2021, with the signing of P.L. 2021, c. 82. Maine DEP Chapter 418, Beneficial Use of Solid Wastes, Appendix A – screening concentration – (secondary materials)

  PPM PPB PPT

PFOA

 .0025 2.5 2,500
PFOS .0052 5.2 5,200
PFBS 1.9 1,900 1,900,00

These concentrations are also being applied as screening levels to residuals regulated under DEP Chapter 419, Agronomic Utilization of Residuals. If screening levels are exceeded, a “closer look” by the Department will occur. See Memorandum from David Burns, DEP to licensed facilities that land apply, compost, or process sludge in Maine, RE: Requirement to analyze for PFAS compounds, March 22, 2019 (available here).

Maine plans to adopt the federal EPA PFAS regulations once the Rule is promulgated. The Final Rulemaking for the Maine Drinking Water Maximum Contaminant Levels is expected imminently.​

2.  Maine DEP Soil Remedial Action Guidelines (mg/kg ) effective November 15, 2023

  Leaching to
Groundwater		 Residential Commercial
Worker		 Park User Recreator
Sediment		 Construction
Worker
PFBS 0.11 26 340 74 85 230
PFBA 0.36 110 1,600 300 350 2,000
PFHxS 0.00047 1.7 22 4.9 5.7 5.1
PFHxA 0.13 43 560 120 140 130
PFNA 0.0046 0.26 3.4 0.74 0.85 0.77
PFOS 0.001 0.17 2.2 0.49 0.57 0.51
PFOA 0.017 0.26 3.4 0.74 0.85 0.77

3.  Maine DEP Groundwater Remedial Action Guidelines (ppb) effective November 15, 2023

  Residential Construction
PFBS 6.0 32,000
PFBA 19 28,000
PFHxS 0.39 310
PFHxA 9.9 10,000
PFNA 0.059 42
PFOS 0.04 75
PFOA 0.06 110

The DEP Water Remedial Action Guidelines incorporate a standard that is the sum of a group of PFAS compounds (termed Class II PFAS) that currently includes: PFHxS, PFNA, PFHpA, PFOA, and PFOS.

4. ​​​​​​ Maine DEP Fish Tissue Remedial Action Guidelines (mg/kg) effective May 1, 2021

PFOS 3.5

As noted above, the DEP has proposed revisions to the RAGs which would significantly lower the RAG thresholds and expand the number of PFAS chemicals subject to RAGs.

5.  Maine Foodstuffs Action Levels

  PFOS
Milk 210 ppt
Beef 3.4 ng/g

6. Maine Crop-Specific Soil Screening Levels for Dairy Farms Action Levels (PFOS only)

  Soil to Hay to Milk Soil to Corn-Silage to Milk Soil to Hay and Corn-Silage to Milk
Grass-Based Farm 6.8 ng/g 120 ng/g 6.4 ng/g
Marine Based Farm 13.8 ng/g 54.8 ng/g 11.0 ng/g

II. Maine DEP Actions

1. PFAS Testing
The state of Maine is currently undertaking several initiatives to manage and abate PFAS in our natural environment and in our products. These initiatives include monitoring PFAS levels in soil and groundwater at sludge and septage sites, leachate testing, and investigating PFAS in remediation sites across the state.

Since 2021, the DEP has been developing and implementing a program to monitor PFAS in areas that have been covered with sludge and septage by testing the soil and groundwater. The state is monitoring the soil at these land sites and nearby drinking water wells. When the DEP identifies sources of well water that exceed the interim limit for PFAS, the agency coordinates with homeowners to ensure that they have access to safe drinking water.

Beginning in 2021, the state has been monitoring and testing leachate (contaminated liquid draining from landfills) for PFAS. Sampling will continue through the fall/winter of 2023. DEP is also monitoring and testing PFAS at remediation sites across the state.

2. PFAS in Products Rulemaking

Notably, Maine has begun the process of regulating PFAS in products. For more information, please see the “What’s New in this Edition” section at the top of this report.

3. PFAS in Food Packaging Rulemaking

On April 18, 2024, the DEP finalized a PFAS in food packaging rulemaking. For more information, please see the “What’s New in this Edition” section at the top of this report.

III. Prior Legislation

1.  An Act to Amend the Laws Relating to the Prevention of Perflouroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Pollution

On April 17, 2024, the Maine Legislature amended 38 M.R.S.A. § 1614 (PFAS in Products Law). The amendments include:

  1. Exemptions from the required phase-out of products with intentionally added PFAS for the following products:
    1.  Firefighting or fire suppressing foam;
    2. Medical devices, drugs etc. regulated by the FDA;
    3. Veterinary products regulated by the FDA, USDA or EPA;
    4. Products developed for public health, environmental or water quality testing;
    5. Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment;
    6. Aircraft;
    7. Watercraft;
    8. Semiconductors; and
    9. Non-consumer laboratory equipment or electronics
  2. Changes to the phase-out period. Under the new amendments, products sold or distributed with intentionally added PFAS will be phased-out incrementally starting in 2026:
    1.  January 1, 2026: Cleaning products, cookware, cosmetics, dental floss, juvenile products, menstruation products, ski wax, upholstered furniture and most textiles
    2. January 1, 2029: Artificial turf and outdoor apparel for wet weather (unless the apparel includes a disclosure)
    3. January 1, 2032: All other products except for refrigerants, cooling, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment
    4. January 1, 2040: Refrigerants, cooling and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment
  3. A restriction on the manufacturer notification requirement so that only manufacturers who sell or distribute products with intentionally added PFAS that the DEP has determined is a “currently unavoidable use” must report
  4. Clarifying language that allows the DEP to exempt a product or product category with intentionally added PFAS that is considered a “currently unavoidable use” for 5 years
  5. An exemption for manufacturers with 100 or fewer employees

2.  An Act to Support Manufacturers Whose Products Contain Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

Following discussions with stakeholders, and more than 3,000 PFAS reporting extension requests from manufacturers, the Maine Legislature amended 38 M.R.S.A. § 1614 (PFAS in Products Law). The amendments, which were signed by Governor Mills on June 8, 2023, include:

  1. Extending the deadline for reporting intentionally added PFAS in products from January 1, 2023 to January 1, 2025
  2. Requiring manufacturers to provide a brief description of any products containing intentionally added PFAS and report their annual state or national sales volume by product unit
  3. Allowing companies to report the total amount of organic fluorine in their product if the PFAS level is unknown
  4. Exempting manufacturers with 25 or fewer employees
    1. Exempting used products or used product components from PFAS reporting requirements
  5. Prohibiting the sale and distribution of products containing intentionally added PFAS if the manufacturer has failed to meet the reporting requirements (subject to exceptions)
  6. Applying the law retroactively from January 1, 2023

3.  Resolve, To Address Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Pollution at State-owned Solid Waste Landfills

Under this law – which was approved by Governor Mills on May 2, 2022 – the Department of Administrative and Financial Services (DAFS) and Bureau of General Services (BGS) must conduct a study of methods for treating leachate. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the feasibility of installing treatment technologies that can reduce PFAS concentrations in leachate to below the interim drinking water standard (20 ppt) in Maine’s state-owned landfills. In January of 2023, the DAFS and BGS published a study summarizing treatment alternatives for reducing PFAS in leachate from State-owned landfills and the projected costs associated with implementation.  Enacted by P.L. 2022, c. 172.

4.  An Act to Require the Registration of Adjuvants in the State and to Regulate the Distribution of Pesticides with Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

On April 28, 2022, the legislature approved a law prohibiting the sale and distribution of pesticides that contain PFAS. The law will go into effect starting January 1, 2030. Governor Mills allowed the bill to become law without her signature. See 7 M.R.S. § 604, et seq., enacted by P.L 2022, c. 673.

5. An Act to Prevent the Further Contamination of the Soils and Water of the State

On April 20, 2022, Governor Mills approved a law that banned the land application of sludge generated from municipal, commercial, or industrial wastewater treatment plants, compost produced from sludge, or any other materials derived from sludge. The law also banned the sale of compost and other materials derived from sludge and limited the spreading of septage (waste from septic tanks). See 38 M.R.S. § 1306, enacted by P.L 2022, c. 641.

6. An Act Regarding the Statute of Limitations for Injuries or Harm resulting from Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

On June 22, 2021, the Legislature enacted, and Governor Mills approved, a new statute of limitations for causes of actions arising out of harm or injury caused by a PFAS substance. Under the new statute of limitations, a plaintiff may bring suit within six years of the date the plaintiff discovers or reasonably should have discovered the harm or injury. See 14 M.R.S. § 752-F, enacted by P.L. 2021, c. 328.

7. An Act to Investigate Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Contamination of Land and Groundwater

On July 15, 2021, this budget bill became law without the Governor’s signature. It establishes the Land Application Contaminant Monitoring Fund, a revolving fund to test and monitor soil and groundwater for PFAS and other contaminants and for other related activities, such as mitigating contamination through the installation of drinking water filtration systems or other remedial actions. Investigation and response activities are to be funded through a handling fee assessed by the DEP on sludge or septage beginning January 1, 2022. Under the Act, the DEP must develop a program to evaluate soil and groundwater for PFAS substances where sludge or septage was land applied and to test landfill leachate, and beginning on January 15, 2023, DEP must submit a report to the Legislature regarding its use of the fund, including a summary of contamination investigated and identified. See 38 M.R.S. § 1310-B-1, et seq., enacted by P.L. 2021, c. 478.

8. An Act Regarding Uncontrolled Hazardous Substance Sites

Approved by Governor Mills on June 8, 2021, this legislation amended the definition of a hazardous substance under the Maine Uncontrolled Hazardous Substance Sites Law (Maine’s “Superfund”) to include any substance defined as a hazardous substance or pollutant or contaminant under the United States Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, 42 U.S.C. § 9601 (CERCLA). The legislation exempted from liability publicly owned treatment works and public water systems that contributed effluent or sewage sludge to an uncontrolled site. See 38 M.R.S. § 1362 and 1367-B, amended by P.L. 2021, c. 117. On August 26, 2022, the EPA proposed a rule classifying PFOS and PFOA as hazardous substances under CERCLA. Once the final rule goes into effect, PFOS and PFOA will be regulated as hazardous substances under both CERCLA and Maine’s Superfund law.

9. An Act to Restrict the Use of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Firefighting Foam

On July 9, 2021, Governor Mills approved this legislation restricting the discharge, manufacture, sale, and distribution of firefighting or fire-suppressing foam to which PFAS have been intentionally added, except in certain limited exceptions, beginning on January 1, 2022. The legislation also requires that a person discharges any such foam to report the discharge to the DEP within 24 hours after the discharge. See 38 M.R.S. § 424-C, enacted by P.L. 2021, c. 449.

10. An Act to Stop Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Pollution

This legislation became law on July 15, 2021, without the Governor’s signature and amended on June 8, 2023. Beginning on January 1, 2025 (originally January 1, 2023), manufacturers of products for sale in Maine that contain intentionally added PFAS must provide to DEP certain information about the product, including the amount and type of PFAS in the product. More information on the recent amendments to this law may be found in the "What's New in this Edition" section at the top of this report. See 38 MR.S. § 1614, et seq., enacted by P.L. 2021, c. 477. For more information visit the DEP’s PFAS in Products FAQs page. 

11. Resolve, Directing the Board of Pesticides Control to Gather Information Related to Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the States

Approved by Governor Mills on June 21, 2021, this legislation requires the Board of Pesticides Control to require manufacturers and distributors of registered pesticides to report whether the product has been stored, distributed, or packaged in a fluorinated high-density polyethylene container and whether a PFAS substance is in the formulation of the registered pesticide. See P.L. 2021, c. 83.

12. Maine DEP Chemicals of High Concern Listing and Reporting Requirements

PFOS and its salts were listed in July 2015 as “Chemicals of Concern,” under the Toxic Chemicals in Children’s Products Law, 38 M.R.S. §1693-A(1), et seq. At the same time, PFOS and its salts were also listed as “Chemicals of High Concern.” The listing qualifies a chemical for further regulation under this law.

On July 2, 2020, the Maine Board of Environmental Protection (BEP) adopted regulations in Chapter 890 designating PFOS and its salts as priority chemicals. The regulations adopted further require that manufacturers or distributors of children’s products for sale within the state of Maine that contain PFOS or its salts report to the DEP certain product information, including the amount of PFOS or its salts in each unit and the function of the chemical in the product.

13. An Act to Protect the Environment and Public Health by Further Reducing Toxic Chemicals in Packaging

Approved by Governor Mills on June 13, 2019, this Act amends the 1989 Reduction of Toxics in Packaging law, which applied to four metals in all packaging or packaging components. The amendments expand the law to reach phthalates, PFAS, and additional "chemicals of concern" in food packages. The law now includes specific bans and authorizes additional DEP rulemakings that may lead to bans or other requirements, giving the department FDA-like authority. See 38 M.R.S. § 1731 et seq., amended by P.L. 2019, c.277.

IV. Other Regulatory Actions and Guidance

Do Not Eat Advisories

1.  Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife (MDIFW) and the Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention (MECDC) “Do Not Eat” Advisory for Freshwater Fish

Since May 5, 2022, the MDIFW and the MECDC has issued “Do Not Eat” advisories for freshwater fish taken from several waterbodies in central Maine and has set consumption limit guidelines for freshwater fish taken from fourteen other waterbodies located across Maine, due to PFAS contamination. The “Do Not Eat” advisories are for Fish Brook, including any tributaries associated with Fish Brook, and for the Police Athletic League Ponds in Fairfield. The MECDC also recommends limiting consumption of fish caught from the following waterbodies:

  • Aroostook River from the River Reservoir to Haley Island (Caribou to Fort Fairfield)
  • China Lake (China)
  • Durepo Pond & Limestone Stream (Limestone to Fort Fairfield)
  • Fifteenmile Stream from Yorktown Brook inlet to Route 137/202 (Albion)
  • Halfmoon Stream from Shikles Road to Sand Stream & Sandy Stream from the Sevens Road to Unity Pond (Thorndike to Unity)
  • Kenduskeag Stream from Robyville covered bridge to the Penobscot River (Corinth to Bangor)
  • Kennebec River from the Carrabassett Stream inlet to the Town Farm Brook inlet (Fairfield to Sidney)
  • McGrath Pond and Salmon Lake (Belgrade/Oakland)
  • Messalonskee Stream from Automatic Dam to Rice Rips Dam (Waterville to Oakland)
  • Number One Pond (Sanford)
  • Presumpscot River from Saccarappa Falls to Presumpscot Falls (Westbrook to Falmouth)
  • Unity Pond (Unity)

Information about the advisory, including information about consumption recommendations in each waterbody, can be found here.

2. MDIFW and MECDC “Do Not Eat” Advisory for Deer

On November 23, 2021, the MDIFW and the MECDC issued a “Do Not Eat” advisory for deer taken in the greater Fairfield and Skowhegan area due to PFAS contamination. Information about the advisory can be found here.

3. Governor Mills’ Executive Order No. 5 FY 19/20 – An Order to Study the Threats of PFAS Contamination to Public Health and the Environment

On March 6, 2019, Governor Mills issued “An Order to Study the Threats of PFAS Contamination to Public Health and the Environment.” Citing the need for a coordinated response and the necessity of studying PFAS distribution, assessing potential impacts, and recommending strategies to mitigate the impacts, Governor Mills established a task force comprised of the commissioners of four state agencies, as well as a public health physician and representatives selected by the commissioners of the Maine DEP and Maine DHHS from several different specified groups or entities. The Task Force issued its final report in January 2020, Managing PFAS in Maine.

United States

I.  EPA Action

1. TSCA PFAS Reporting Requirements

On October 11, 2023, the EPA published a final rule establishing a one-time reporting and recordkeeping requirement for PFAS under TSCA. The rule will become effective on November 13, 2023. The rule requires that entities that manufacture (including import) or have manufactured PFAS at any time since January 1, 2011, report information to EPA regarding PFAS uses, production volumes, byproducts, disposal, exposures, and existing information on environmental or health effects. The scope of the rule is broad; EPA expanded its definition of PFAS subject to the rule, there is no de minimis volume threshold, and the rule lacks typical TSCA exemptions, such as for research and development, byproducts, and impurities.

EPA also finalized the requirement to include PFAS-containing articles (which are manufactured goods or finished products, either imported or domestically produced), but clarified that reporting is only required to the extent that the manufacturer (including importer) of PFAS within articles knows or can reasonably ascertain the requested information. Importantly, EPA further clarified that “entities who solely process, distribute, and/or use PFAS, and do not manufacture (including import) PFAS for a commercial purpose, are not required to report under this rule.” In other words, if a product manufacturer does not manufacture (including import) the PFAS itself, but only uses it (including as part of an article or other product), the product manufacturer wouldn’t be required to report under this rule.

For more information, please see our client alert on this rule.

2. TRI PFAS Reporting Requirements

The 2020 National Defense Authorization Act triggered reporting of approximately 172 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) for the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) under Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). The 202 NDAA also created a framework for adding additional PFAs chemicals to the TRI chemical lists. As of 2025, 205 PFAS chemicals have been added to the TRI chemical list.

In October 2023, the EPA finalized a rule that eliminated a de minimis reporting exemption that allowed facilities to avoid reporting on PFAS when PFAS made up 1% or less of a product (the de minimis threshold for PFOA was 0.1%). The final rule reclassified all current and future PFAS substances listed on the TRI chemical list as chemicals of special concern, eliminating the de minimis reporting exception for those chemicals. The rule also removed a notification exemption that allowed suppliers to refrain from providing notice of a chemical of special concern to downstream facilities when the product contained less than 1% of the chemical.

For more information, please see our client alerts on PFAS reporting under TRI, linked here and here.

3. PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation

On March 14, 2023, the EPA announced the proposed National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) for six PFAS compounds. The proposed regulations set the drinking water enforceable limits to 4.0 ppt for PFOA and PFOS, and 1.0 (unitless) for PFNA, PFHxS, PFBS, and HFPO-DA. Furthermore, the proposed regulation required public water systems to monitor, notify the public, and reduce the levels of PFAS compounds in drinking water if they exceed the proposed standards.

More than a year later, on April 10, 2024, the EPA finalized the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR), which are aimed at public drinking water systems. Under the regulations five PFAS compounds are subject to enforceable limits; PFOA and PFOS have a limit of 4.0 ppt, and PFNA, PFHxS and HFPO-DA (GenX Chemicals) have a limit of 10 ppt. The EPA also set enforceable water concentration limits using a Hazard Index formula for mixtures of four PFAS; PFNA, PFHxS, PFBS and HFPO-DA (GenX Chemicals). EPA has given states 5 years to test their public drinking water systems and implement appropriate measures to come into compliance with the new standards.

4. National PFAS Testing Strategy Test Order

On June 6, 2022, the EPA issued its first test order under the EPA’s National PFAS Testing Strategy. The EPA’s National PFAS Testing Strategy requires manufactures to provide the EPA with toxicity data and information on various PFAS. The EPA has divided PFAS into categories based on structure, physical-chemical properties and existing test data on toxicity and will require test orders for each category. The EPA’s first test order includes more than 2,000 PFAS chemicals. More information about the National PFAS strategy can be found here.

5. Emerging Contaminant Funding

On June 15, 2022, the EPA announced that it is making available $1 billion in grant funding through President Biden’s Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to address PFAS and other emerging contaminants in drinking water. The goal of the funding is to benefit small or disadvantaged communities with planning, testing, and remediating emerging contaminants in drinking water. More information about the EPA’s emerging contaminant funding can be found here.

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PFAS Names and CAS Numbers

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) CAS # 375-73-5, 59933-66-3
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (conjugate base perfluorooctanesulfonate) (PFOS) CAS # 1763-23-1
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (conjugate base perfluorooctanoate) CAS # 335-67-1

Contact Information

If you have questions or concerns about PFAS issues, please contact one of our environmental law attorneys: Lisa Gilbreath at 207.791.1397, Brian Rayback at 207.791.1188, or Georgia Bolduc at 207.791.1249.

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Our environmental law team has authored a variety of alerts on PFAS in Maine. Please click any of the links below for more information. 

Maine PFAS Task Force Issues Report and Maine Legislature Considers Amending State's Superfund Law

PFAS Added to Toxic Release Inventory Reporting

Maine DEP Establishes Aggressive Requirement for PFAS Testing in Biosolids

Governor Mills Issues PFAS Executive Order; US EPA Issues Action Plan

PFAS - What's all the Fuss?